Display of Arrays
Simple scalars and vectors are displayed in a single line beginning at the left margin. A number is separated from the next adjacent element by a single space. The number of significant digits to be printed is determined by the system variable ⎕PP whose default value is 10. The fractional part of the number will be rounded in the last digit if it cannot be represented within the print precision. Trailing zeros after a decimal point and leading zeros will not be printed. An integer number will display without a decimal point.
Examples
0.1 1.0 1.12 0.1 1 1.12 'A' 2 'B' 'C' A 2 BC ÷3 2 6 0.3333333333 0.5 0.1666666667
If a number cannot be fully represented in ⎕PP significant digits, or if the number requires more than five leading zeros after the decimal point, the number is represented in scaled form. The mantissa will display up to ⎕PP significant digits, but trailing zeros will not be displayed.
Examples
⎕PP←3 123 1234 12345 0.12345 0.00012345 0.00000012345 123 1.23E3 1.23E4 0.123 0.000123 1.23E¯7
Simple matrices are displayed in rectangular form, with one line per matrix row. All elements in a given column are displayed in the same format, but the format and width for each column is determined independently of other columns. A column is treated as numeric if it contains any numeric elements. The width of a numeric column is determined such that the decimal points (if any) are aligned; that the E characters for scaled formats are aligned, with trailing zeros added to the mantissae if necessary, and that integer forms are right-adjusted one place to the left of the decimal point column (if any). Numeric columns are right-justified; a column which contains no numeric elements is left-justified. Numeric columns are separated from their neighbours by a single column of blanks.
Examples
2 4⍴'HANDFIST' HAND FIST 1 2 3 ∘.× 6 2 5 6 2 5 12 4 10 18 6 15 2 3⍴2 4 6.1 8 10.24 12 2 4 6.1 8 10.24 12 2 4⍴4 'A' 'B' 5 ¯0.000000003 'C' 'D' 123.56 4E0 AB 5 ¯3E¯9 CD 123.56
In the display of non-simple arrays, each element is displayed within a rectangle such that the rows and columns of the array are aligned. Simple items within the array are displayed as above. For non-simple items, this rule is applied recursively, with one space added on each side of the enclosed element for each level of nesting.
Examples
⍳3
1 2 3
⊂⍳3
1 2 3
⊂⊂⍳3
1 2 3
('ONE' 1) ('TWO' 2) ('THREE' 3) ('FOUR' 4)
ONE 1 TWO 2 THREE 3 FOUR 4
2 4⍴'ONE' 1 'TWO' 2 'THREE' 3 'FOUR' 4
ONE 1 TWO 2
THREE 3 FOUR 4
Multi-dimensional arrays are displayed in rectangular planes. Planes are separated by one blank line, and hyper-planes of higher dimensions are separated by increasing numbers of blank lines. In all other respects, multi-dimensional arrays are displayed in the same manner as matrices.
Examples
2 3 4⍴⍳24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 3 1 1 3⍴'THEREDFOX' THE RED FOX
The power of this form of display is made apparent when formatting informal reports.
Examples
+AREAS←'West' 'Central' 'East' West Central East +PRODUCTS←'Biscuits' 'Cakes' 'Buns' 'Rolls' Biscuits Cakes Buns Rolls SALES←50 5.25 75 250 20.15 900 500 SALES,←80.98 650 1000 90.03 1200 +SALES←4 3⍴SALES 50 5.25 75 250 20.15 900 500 80.98 650 1000 90.03 1200 ' ' PRODUCTS ⍪., AREAS SALES West Central East Biscuits 50 5.25 75 Cakes 250 20.15 900 Buns 500 80.98 650 Rolls 1000 90.03 1200
If the display of an array is wider than the page width, as set by the system variable ⎕PW, it will be folded at or before ⎕PW and the folded portions indented six spaces. The display of a simple numeric or mixed array may be folded at a width less than ⎕PW so that individual numbers are not split across a page boundary.
Example
⎕PW←40 ?3 20⍴100 54 22 5 68 68 94 39 52 84 4 6 53 68 85 53 10 66 42 71 92 77 27 5 74 33 64 66 8 64 89 28 44 77 48 24 28 36 17 49 1 39 7 42 69 49 94 76 100 37 25 99 73 76 90 91 7 91 51 52 32
The ]display User Command
The user command ]display illustrates the structure of an array.
Examples
]display 'ABC' (1 4⍴1 2 3 4) ┌→────────────────┐ │ ┌→──┐ ┌→──────┐ │ │ │ABC│ ↓1 2 3 4│ │ │ └───┘ └~──────┘ │ └∊────────────────┘
]display ' 'PRODUCTS⍪.,AREAS SALES ⍝ see above ┌────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ ┌→───────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ ↓ ┌→───┐ ┌→──────┐ ┌→───┐ │ │ │ │ │West│ │Central│ │East│ │ │ │ │ - └────┘ └───────┘ └────┘ │ │ │ │ ┌→───────┐ │ │ │ │ │Biscuits│ 50 5.25 75 │ │ │ │ └────────┘ │ │ │ │ ┌→────┐ │ │ │ │ │Cakes│ 250 20.15 900 │ │ │ │ └─────┘ │ │ │ │ ┌→───┐ │ │ │ │ │Buns│ 500 80.98 650 │ │ │ │ └────┘ │ │ │ │ ┌→────┐ │ │ │ │ │Rolls│ 1000 90.03 1200 │ │ │ │ └─────┘ │ │ │ └∊───────────────────────────────────┘ │ └∊───────────────────────────────────────┘
An explanation of the symbols that appear in the borders can be seen by running ]display -?
The ]boxing User Command
The user command ]boxing changes the way in which nested arrays are the displayed in the Session. The following examples show different settings.
Examples
]boxing on -style=min
Was OFF -style=min
'ABC' (1 4⍴1 2 3 4)
┌───┬───────┐
│ABC│1 2 3 4│
└───┴───────┘
]boxing on -style=mid
Was ON -style=min
'ABC' (1 4⍴1 2 3 4)
┌→──┬───────┐
│ABC│1 2 3 4↓
└──→┴~─────→┘
]boxing on -style=max
┌→────────────────┐
│Was ON -style=mid│
└─────────────────┘
'ABC' (1 4⍴1 2 3 4)
┌→────────────────┐
│ ┌→──┐ ┌→──────┐ │
│ │ABC│ ↓1 2 3 4│ │
│ └───┘ └~──────┘ │
└∊────────────────┘
]boxing on -style=min
Was ON -style=max
]boxing off
Was ON
'ABC' (1 4⍴1 2 3 4)
ABC 1 2 3 4
Shy Results
Functions may return shy results.
A shy or suppressed result is a result that is not automatically displayed in the Session, but is suppressed. A shy result of an expression may be displayed by using it as an argument to a function that returns its argument unchanged, by enclosing the expression in parentheses or by assigning it to ⎕.
Examples
A←10 ⍝ Result of assignment is shy
(A←10)
10
⎕DL 2 ⍝ Result of delay is shy
⎕←⎕DL
1.994
foo&88 ⍝ Result of Spawn (thread number) is shy
⊣foo&88
6
See also: